By Sandra Swart
Pit bulls have been in the news in South Africa after a series of deadly attacks on humans.
There have been revenge attacks on the dogs involved and politicians have called for the breed to be banned – tapping into a history of dogs being used by their white owners to intimidate and attack black South Africans.
A racist incident then made the news when a dog lover responded with fury to the call for a ban. Sandra Swart is a South African historian who specialises in the history of dogs in society. We asked her to shed some light on the issues.
Is the pit bull a dangerous dog or is it being scapegoated?
A little of both. At the moment we are facing a real crisis coupled with a social panic. The attacks are a real problem and to solve it we can and must learn from history.
History shows us the dangers of a social panic are twofold: overreaction (to satisfy public outrage) and under-reaction (in favour of short-termism that avoids dealing with the bigger problem).
So first, we need to understand the history of pit bulls, which were bred, originally in England, for bull-baiting – a blood sport in which bulls tied to an iron stake were savaged by dogs – and then imported to South Africa, mainly from the 1970s. Here they were bred as guard dogs, pets, and some for illegal dog fighting rings.
They have also been bred to have high pain thresholds. Their behaviour is perhaps 60% genetic but remember, dog behaviour is flexible and can be drastically modified by training and experience, especially between three and 12 weeks of age.
Moreover, their training is often derelict or intentionally aggression-inducing – they are often used as extensions of toxic masculinity, as status symbols with teeth.
That said, there are plenty who are genuinely family pets and are unlikely to inflict harm. If they have a personal history of unwarranted aggression towards people it is safer to have them put down.
If an owner is worried (and they should be), they should get their dog assessed by the SPCA or a qualified dog behaviourist. But that does not solve the bigger societal problem.
What can we learn from history?
Whatever the state decides to do now, the public must realise that other breeds were once also held to be too savage for South African society.
In the 1920s, German shepherds – or so-called “wolf dogs” – were considered a scourge.
There were later waves of concern over boerboels. In the winter of 1983, hackles were raised when the town of Parow tried to ban Rottweilers, Dobermans, bull terriers and mastiffs.
Vets were quick to point out, however, that Labradors and Pekinese were responsible for most bites. In fact, any power breed (strong, muscular frame, broad head, bite-and-hold fighting tactic) and, indeed, most dogs can inflict harm on or kill a human.
There are long-term legislative actions that can be taken. The first is breed-specific legislation (banning certain breeds), the other is laws on dangerous dogs (which target bad behaviour rather than bad breeds).
Breed-specific legislation is being pushed for, but while it feels suitably dramatic, history suggests it simply does not work.
The concept has been around for a century – since 1929 when some parts of Australia banned German shepherds.
After several maulings in the 1980s, the UK imposed legislation in 1991 banning pit bulls, but the number of dog bites stayed the same – as was the case in the US. People simply bought other vicious breeds.
Remember, “pit bull” is not a clearly defined genetic category. A lot of identification is simply perception.
There are at least 10 breeds frequently mistaken for a pitbull (which also leads to over-reporting them as perpetrators).
Equally, if pit bulls were banned tomorrow and the cries for their immediate execution were heeded, many innocent dogs would be killed unnecessarily.
Moreover, what to do with cross-breeds – half pit bull and half miniature schnauzer, for example: do we put them down too?
This would be an ethical outrage. But it would also be pointless, because a banned breed can simply be renamed something else and the danger continues.
Moreover, breed-specific legislation ignores behavioural and other biological aspects: the aggressive dogs are much more likely to be unneutered males, be unsocialised (including kept on a chain) or encouraged to be aggressive.
So this legislation is both over-inclusive (it includes lots of gentle dogs) and under-inclusive (it misses a lot of vicious dogs). It is easy to legislate, but impossible to enforce. It is popular but provides a fake sense of security.
And dangerous dog laws?
Dangerous dog laws are complex, not good for public relations and are expensive and require hard work – but they are effective.
They look at the previous behaviour of the individual dog, and they can be tweaked to include more focus on dogs from power breeds or dogs over a certain size.
They are not a quick fix but, over time, they work by putting the responsibility for the dog squarely on the owner.
It is like owning a gun – if you are negligent with that firearm and someone gets hurt, you are criminally liable and face serious consequences including prison time.
There are a lot of ideas to draw on here, including requiring special permits, requiring special liability insurance and mandatory sterilisation for power breeds, dogs over a certain weight, or known offenders.
Micro-chipping and keeping a database of previous offences would mean dogs would be punished for their own bad behaviour rather than their breeds, which are hard to define genetically.
Each case can then be evaluated on its own merit. This also requires private-public partnerships.
Also, the state needs to vigilantly uphold anti-roaming laws, in partnership with the SPCA. They might not stop all dog bites, but they would greatly reduce fatalities.
What deeper historical issues does the subject trigger?
Something does linger in the South African mind about dogs. Our national psyche is troubled.
Nothing remains as strong in the public’s imagination as the snarling German shepherd straining at the end of the apartheid policeman’s leash.
There is a deep ambivalence about dogs in South Africa and we need to understand why that is so.
There is a strangeness in the relationship between dogs and humans, and between humans and humans over dogs.
I reveal the history of this strangeness through the police dog as a lens, in my forthcoming book – “The Lion’s Historian”.
Through misuse of police dogs (and also often privately owned dogs) as agents of control in the police force and bio-surveillance in the suburbs, big dogs became signifiers of anxiety and stereotypes that white and black people have of each other, especially the terror of the police dog.
In fact, “police dogs” were only used deliberately for attack after 1961, for crowd control.
For 50 years before, police dogs were only allowed to be smell detectives in the state’s police – never to attack or hurt anyone.
Something we can do is invert this old apartheid model and do totally different canine educational roadshows at schools. Most victims are children. Teaching both good dog ownership skills and safe behaviour around dogs would help a little.
What else can be done?
The Hawks, the country’s priority crime division, need to break illegal dog-fighting rings, working closely with the SPCA (who already do so much).
Once dog fighting is stopped for good, there will be less of an incentive to breed for aggression, and more money in breeding pit bull lines that are family friendly.
Breeding strictly with behavioural testing against aggression will help. Other breeds, such as the old English bull dog, also descend originally from fighting stock.
Only once the authorities cracked down on their fighting was there was less of an incentive to perpetuate the aggressiveness in these breeds – and now they are famously gentle family pets.
Of course, there are already breeders who focus on friendly, gentler lines in pit bulls, so the genetic material is there.
* Sandra Swart is Professor of History, Stellenbosch University